A sociological perspective on ADHD

A sociological perspective on ADHD in educational and specialization communication. According to Ideus this is not only due to the politicisation and medicalisation of the condition, but also due to the current cultural respect to medical and psychiatric subjects. She argues that more and more popular belief is polarised in the United States by the advocacy groups and the media into ADHD group and ADHD sceptics. She argues that it is not that sociologically conscious and scientifically sceptical ADHD cliques do not exist, but their efforts have been marginalised as counterproductive to ADHD activism welfare (Myers, 2007). The problem with those who use sociological approach to ADHD is that they fail to accept the biological determinism and pseudo-objectivity of the main approach. Major works have attributed the origin and the growth of ADHD with the cultural imperatives than it is related to neutral science. Schachar established that the origins of ADHD lie in the specific political and economic climate of the United Kingdom as the century turns. According to him, ADHD had its basis in the values of Social Darwinism which had dominated the United States by then. According to Conrad established that cultural and political factors were significant in the appreciating and defining of Social Darwinism which was a forerunner to ADHD. According to his investigation, the growth of ADHD can be associated with the theories of children medical treatment through the 50 and 60s, the development in boldness of pharmaceutical businesses in the sixties, and the US governments initiatives to control drug treatment. He further noted that while the classification existed and developed from, both the medical label and treatment were not extensively used until the finalization of the social factors. This implies as per him, this condition worsened due to particular needs and forces in the United States society. The sociological perspective on ADHD shows the significance of cultural, political and economic priorities in the reception of the group in different national and cultural environments. A research by Yelich and Salamone has showed that as the procedures and knowledge in treating this disorder have improved it has continued to grow rapidly as compared to other disorders. They hypothesize that this raises major issues about the position of the situation as a purpose medical group. Additionally, they also note that problems occur mainly on entering the school environment and for distinct disorder there is a huge disparity in problems across diverse sites. They also argue that, ADHD pervasiveness and severity has significant associations with inferior socio-economic class. Zametkin study, which employed the use of brain mapping techniques shows the inadequacies in the initial study but it also claim that the outcomes did not implicitly provide a proof of inexistence of the biological bas is of ADHD (Zametkin, 1989). They also disprove opinions for making ADHD a kind of disability in education on the grounds since it cannot be clearly be diagnosed, that it is not considerably dissimilar from other conditions at present getting services, and there is no irrefutable proof of its natural basis. In reaction they reiterate that while a practical medical category its stress on shortage does not inevitably transform well into professional schooling environments. The latest review by Du Paul and Eckert in the year 1997 shows that less than ten percent of studies accomplished on ADHD concentrated on the area in which the preponderance of difficulties are experienced, that is the school. Biological perspective Biologically the cause of ADHD is the brain structures. According to a research which was performed using advanced imaging techniques shows that there exists dissimilarity in the size of some parts of the brain in children with the ADHD disorder as compared to those who do not inhabit the disorder. In their prefrontal cortex, found in the front part of the brain is less active. It controls the ability of the brain to block some responses. The caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus, which is found at the centre part of the brain and which is known for its ability to increase the speed or to stop the orders emanating from the front part of the brain has been found to be smaller in the children who happens to be victims of ADHD but it seems to get back to normal as the age of the child increases. These abnormalities usually impair a childs ability to discontinue some actions and hence impulsivity in the people with the disorder. In the area above the stem of the brain which is referred to as the cerebellum, it is found to be smaller in children with the disorder. This part enables the control of the muscle tone and their balance and also synchronizes the activity of the muscle (Ellenberger, 1970). This disorder is mostly found with the boy child but as per the statistics it is also underdiagonised in girls. But the ongoing research has enough evidence to show that both genders are in the same position in getting the disorder. Although this disorder is common in children ADHD in adults has also been noted. Ritalin was administered for about 800,000 adults in America in 1997 which is about three times the figure in 1992. As of 2005, experts expected that ADHD affects about 4.1% of adults ages 18 44 years in a specified year. Research shows that ADHD affects 2 6% of population of the adults, taking assumptions that that 1-2/3 of cases continue into adulthood. ADHD in adults mostly occurs as an extension of the childhood condition. Adult-onset symptoms are probable to be because of other factors. Since hyperactivity typically wanes as children get older, it can be a difficult to diagnose it in adults. It is therefore evident that the number or the percentage of the adults with this disorder is underestimated. The following are some signs of adults with this disorder: inattentiveness and problems with the memory which includes: failing to finishing things, judging time wrongly, diverting from projects when nearly completion, being absent minded, and easily forgetting things (Conrad, The Sociology of Health and Illness, 2008). They are also hypersensitive and being restless examples of this is: they are risk takers they have also been found to be less impulsive and their emotions are instable by interrupting others, are easily frustrated, mostly drive recklessly, and have unpredictable moods. These adults have a problem with their self worth such that they do not entertain the occurrence of fresh challenges and mostly they seem to place so much confidence in other people that in themselves In treatment of adults doctors normally revisit their childhood reports on their conducts and experiences. Amusingly, the disorder appears to be equally distributed among adult men and women. Supplementary emotional, personality, and learning disorders have it that amid 19 37% of adults with ADHD has dejection disorder. Between 25 50% have an anxiety disorder. In learning disorder, about 20% of adults with ADHD have dyslexia and auditory dispensation problems which must be considered in which ever plan of treatment to be employed. The adults with the disorder do not mostly attain high academic levels; they earn less money, and have higher chances of being fired in their work places. It has been noted that by the age of approximately 30 most of them are self employed (Conrad, The Changing Social Reality of ADHD, 2009). Research also has it that about 32 to 53% of alcoholics are the ADHD victims. 8 32% are marijuana smokers or cocaine takers. A study in year 2003 shows that the adults and the young people who are at the risk of drug abuse are the ones with the ADHD disorders or those who had had behavioural problems in their childhood days. Both adults and children with this disorder seems to lack sleep with a disorder commonly called restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea. In the sleep apnea one is unable to breath for temporal period when a sleep. Most people do not recognize but the victim wakes and start grasping for breath. This is usually coupled with snoring. It has been known that treatment of sleep apnea reduces the symptoms of ADHD by 50%. ADHD in adults is treated with the Atomoxetine which is not a stimulant. It reduces the symptoms as hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, and inclination in adult victims. This treatment is normally discontinued in early signs of liver problems. It i s therefore advisable to be used in adults compared to the adolescents and children since they can trigger suicidal thoughts. Bupropion may be a chiefly good quality option for some ADHD adults, as well as those who also have bipolar disorder or a history of drug abuse. Tricyclic antidepressants are also effective with both depression and ADHD disorders. The standard psycho stimulants, methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Adder all are also good in the same. These patients can also be treated by nicotine replacement. This improves ADHD symptoms and seems to have special effects in the brain that similarly to those of stimulants. It is also difficult to identify presence of this disorder in children since there exists no laboratory or imaging for perfect diagnosis of ADHD as it majorly depends on the symptoms of behaviours and the process of discriminating other disorders. Many professionals believe that is under and over diagnosed in most cases. The difficulty is due to: misconception of parents who ends up to pressurizing the doctors to administer methylphenidate to their children who seem to perform poorly in school and who are usually aggressive which as per the statistics shows that out of the 18% and 20% of Caucasian boys treated with Ritalin only 11% were ADHD victims. In other cases most children were young for their level of grades which shows that they may be immature intellectually and socially. It is also known that children from poor backgrounds and those who have grown up in single parent households are likely to have behaviour and emotional problems which has increased in the level of the victims of the ADHD victims. In treatment the doctor will need the history of the behaviour of the child and he/ she will compare the behaviours with the standardized list which outlines the symptoms of the ADHD. Parent must provide the following information to the physician: the particular problems from as early as they can remember in their child growth more so the report from school, relationship between the child and other siblings, changes that have occurred of late, information on whether the family have had a history of ADHD, the eating habits of the child, the sleeping patterns, speech and the language development, and any other problem the mother experienced during delivery or during the pregnancy. The mother should also include any other history of allergies, terminal ear problems, and hearing problems. Finally it is crucial that the doctor understand how the parent6 handle the child when interacting with the child. There are various tests that may be administered to a child in order to test any signs of ADHD. These include CPT which is a test referred to as continuous performance test where a child is sat before a computer and he/she is asked to press some keys and not to press others as per certain images in the screen. Some other tests may be done in order to test the neural, emotional and intellectual growth. They mostly include studying and problem solving assignments with the aim of determining the disabling areas. Tests of blood samples may be taken in the situations of doctors suspecting presence of lead toxics in the blood of the child. Research has shown that ADHD does not in most cases exist alone but it is accompanied by other disorders. Scientists have it that it is only 1/3 only pure ADHD that exist. The following disorders also exist parallel to it. Attention-Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity. In this type of disorder, the childs initial signs are inability to persist in assignments and the ability to be distracted is very high. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD): statistics shows that about 36% of the ADHD children also have ODD. The child is defiant, hostile towards authoritative people lasting for about six months and they have a negative pattern of life. Additionally, they are aggressive and have frequent tempers tantrums and in most cases they display antisocial manners. ODD patients have other phobia disorders which must be treated disjointedly (Leo, 2009.). Psychological perspective Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a universal neurodevelopment psychiatric problem the greatest part of research in this field has focused on genetics and neuropsychological or the behavioural signs for the disorder. It exists as the most genetic psychiatric disorders, with genetical inheritance being approximately 77%. Despite of the scientific research that various genes can be associated with ADHD their impacts are minimal and hence the cause of this disorder cannot be pegged entirety on gene theory. Today research is expanding in order to investigate the role of environmental factors and their association with some genes and epigenetic processes in the expansion of the ADHDs symptoms. The analysis of ADHD is founded on the assemblage of symptom arrangement (impulsivity-hyperactivity and lack of attentiveness) and provides room for three subtypes impulsive-hyperactive, lacking concentration and combined-type. These subtypes may have diverse aetiologies and behavi oural profiles. Psychiatrists and Psychologists have come up with a variety of theories to give details of the behaviour of patients of ADHD. It should be clearly noted that any key psychological theory of ADHD ought to be able to explain these analytical symptoms. The psychological perspective takes into account four theories to explain the existence and the development of ADHD. Below is the outline of the same. The Delay Aversion theory which was introduced in 1990 argues that children who harbor this disorder are capable of waiting but they dont want to. Its earlier version stated that ADHD children arent impulsive in terms of opting for an instant reward at the expense of the overall reward but it happens when there is a shorter delay. Inattentiveness and hyperactivity are well thought-out to show trials to decrease prejudiced knowledge of delay in situations when it cant be avoided. The Dynamic Developmental Theory (DDT) of ADHD was developed for the past 20 years and which has raised different views amongst various psychologists. This complete theory tries to elucidate the behavioural manifestations of ADHD from a neurotransmitter up to a community level and aims to give details about all symptoms of ADHD. This theory argues that there exist two major behavioural mechanisms reinforcing a lot of symptoms of ADHD: altered reinforcement of original behaviour and poor extermination of insufficient behaviour. The State Regulation hypothesis suggests that a non-optimal vigorous situation can clarify performance lack in children with ADHD. It is founded on a study using the Cognitive vigorous model of Sanders. In this model, the competence with which a duty is done is considered to be a creation of elementary cognitive stage and their energy allotment. The basic stages are spur encoding, memory hunt, binary choice and motor training and may be viewed as structural computational in sequence processes. The accessibility of these processes is connected to the stimulation and launching levels of the subject. Stimulation is defined as a time-locked phasic physiological answer to effort, whereas launching refers to a long-lasting intentional preparedness for action The Executive Dysfunction theory of ADHD argues that the symptoms of ADHD occur entirely due to a decrease in executive power, caused by abnormalities in the arrangement, purpose and biochemical process of the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal neural networks Neuropsychological tests that are susceptible to the mechanism of the decision-making purpose system have been used to evaluate children with ADHD. The outcomes of these tests have been unswervingly and ultimately linked back to the physiological, anatomical and biochemical dysfunctions in the frontal cortex, the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal circuits in ADHD. Summary and Conclusions: It is evident that the three disciplines concerning the issue of ADHD communicate the same thing or they tend to explain the same concept but they use different approaches. According to the discussion above, the biological cause of ADHD is the deformation in the brain structures. It implies that children and adults with ADHD disorder have either small brain size or even deformed brains as compared to the normal adults and children. This approach cannot be ignored since it bases its facts on a practical example i.e. on an experiment that has been done by medical professionals. This can be objected on the basis that the experiment that was done just happened to be a coincidence and for those who do not believe to believe in scientists, they may find this perspective not fulfilling like the sociological perspective The sociological perspective rotates about the education factor as a determinant of whether the chid is suffering from ADHD disorder. Children who fail to perform well or those who conduct their selves in abnormal manners tend to be judged to have the ADHD disorder and in most cases as I discussed earlier they form about 11% while there are others who perform poorly in class not because they have these disorders but they are poor learners. Maximum investigation must be performed in order to differentiate between a disorder and inability to learn. As earlier discussed, sociologists fails to recognise the biological perspective and pseudo-objectivity of the biological approach as they object the origin theory provided by the neural scientists. They normally attribute the growth and the origin of this disorder with the environment around the child. This environment is the: cultural, political and the immediate society of the child. It also depends on the economic status of the family of the child. The psychological perspective on the other hand focuses on the key psychological theories which include: the Executive Dysfunction theory, the State Regulation model, the Dynamic Developmental Theory (DDT), and the Delay Aversion theory. These theories only try to explain this disorder in just but a theoretical way without providing actual practical examples on the application of the same. Therefore these theories have the same definition but they sound differently depending on the field of study (Erkulwater, 2009. ).

Principles of Accounting Essay

1.Analyze the effects of Draper Consulting transactions on the accounting equation. Use the format of Exhibit 1-6, and include these headings: Cash; Accounts receivable; Supplies; Equipment; Furniture; Accounts payable; and Draper, capital. 2.Prepare the income statement of Draper Consulting for the month ended December 31, 2012. 3.Prepare the statement of owner’s equity for the month ended December 31, 2012. 4.Prepare the balance sheet at December 31, 2012. PANEL A—Details of Transactions 1. Received $18,000 cash and gave capital to Draper. 2. Paid monthly office rent, $550. 3. Paid cash for a Dell computer, $1,800. This equipment is expected to remain in service for five years. 4. Purchased office furniture on account, $4,200. The furniture should last for five years. 5. Purchased supplies on account, $900. 6. Performed consulting service for a client on account, $1,500. 7. Paid utility expenses, $250. 8. Performed service for a client and received cash of $1,100. 1 Received $42,000 cash and gave capital to Stewart. 4 Purchased supplies, $700, and furniture, $1,900, on account. 6 Performed services for a law firm and received $1,400 cash. 7 Paid $24,000 cash to acquire land for a future office site. 10 Performed service for a hotel and received its promise to pay the $1,000 within one week. 14 Paid for the furniture purchased September 4 on account. 15 Paid secretary’s bi-monthly salary, $490. 17 Received cash on account, $400. 20 Prepared a design for a school on account, $700. 28 Received $2,100 cash for consulting with Plummer & Gorden. 30 Paid secretary’s bi-monthly salary, $490. 30 Paid rent expense, $650. 30 Stewart withdrew cash of $3,000. Requirements 1.Open the following T-accounts: Cash; Accounts receivable; Supplies; Furniture; Land; Accounts payable; Stewart, capital; Stewart, drawing; Service revenue; Salary expense; and Rent expense. 2.Record each transaction in the journal, using the account titles given. Key each transaction by date. Explanations are not required. 3.Post the transactions to the T-accounts, using transaction dates as posting references in the ledger accounts. Label the balance of each account Bal, as shown in the chapter. 4.Prepare the trial balance of Doris Stewart, Designer, at September 30, 2012.

Why Everyone Is Mistaken Regarding Free Essay Samples Sociology and Why You Absolutely Must Read This Report

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The Number Of Constitutional Amendment - 888 Words

There are a number of constitutional amendment(s) that are typically the focus of a number of issues with corrections and correctional policies and practices. One of the amendment(s) that is the focus of this is the Eighth Amendment which means that no one can be the subject of cruel and unusual punishment. This means that everyone should be treated equally and should not be beaten or tortured by the guards, must always be given food and water, and treated humane at all times which means that no matter what their crime was they are still allowed some form of protections by the guards to include being sexual harassed or sexual assaulted. They also retain their First Amendment right because they still have their freedom of speech and religion. Therefore, they must be allowed to practice whatever religion they believe in no matter how someone else may feel about it and they must have some time in order to practice this religion. 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Gender Roles And Stereotypes - 1719 Words

Whether it is consciously or unconsciously, we humans tend to characterize people by their gender. â€Å"Often, gender expectations or stereotypes shape our thoughts and interactions with others in subtle yet perceptible ways† (Block 1). When children enter the school environment, they will likely experience a number of issues relating to gender. They will continue to encounter gender issues throughout their lifetime, so it is important that we teach them to address these issues appropriately. Teachers must ensure that all students are treated as equals, no matter what their gender or orientation. They must also help students to understand the different components of gender as well as teach them how to properly address gender roles and†¦show more content†¦Gender expression is how we present ourselves and how we express our masculinity or femininity to communicate our gender outwardly† (Gender Versus Sex 1). 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Many times, male and female actions are determined by what a person has been taught is right; furthermore, gender roles are a set of societal norms that are the behaviors that a sex is generally known to do and what is considered accepted of a personRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen expected to act a certain way depending on their sex. These societal expectations are called gender roles. (Rathus, 2010, p.447). These roles begin to develop even before a child is even out of the womb. A mother may decorate their nursery pink if they are having a daughter because â€Å"girls like pink,† and â€Å"boys like blue.† Gender roles should not be confused with gender stereotypes. A gender stereoty pe is a narrow way of thinking about how men and woman are obligated to behave. For example, men haveRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes1102 Words   |  5 PagesDefined Gender Roles Creating a Lack of Reality in Children’s Literature Distinction is a concept that is learned at a very young age. It is used as a tool to distinguish between race, religion, language, age and especially gender. Where certain topics regarding race and religion may be considered more taboo, the definition of gender is always open for discussion but it is not always depicted in all forms of the word. Children can feel isolated if they cannot relate to individuals they look up toRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles are defined as the â€Å"widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave† (Rathus, 2010). From gender roles, we, the people of society, are able to determine whether someone identifies as a male or a female. Both biological and social factors tend to determine what gender roles a person takes on. However, there are also gender stereotypes, which are â€Å"the fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to beha ve† (Rathus, 2010).Read MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles980 Words   |  4 Pageswhat it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. As children grow and develop, the gender stereotypes they are exposed to at home are reinforced by many elements in their environment and are thus perpetuated throughout childhood followed by adolescence. One major societal issue uprising with the way children are raised in today’s society is the gender specific dressing for boys and girls. The history with gender specific dressing is a one sided masculine enforced point of view for centuries. AsRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1076 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes and gender roles are a largely contested issue in the modern world. Countries around the world have very different gender norms, though there are some recurrent patterns between many cultures. For most recurrent patterns there is a culture who does not abide by those gender norms. There is typically ma ny good reasons for each recurrent pattern that makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint. There is also a significant difference in the way men and women are treated. This is caused

Wolf Motors Success Story Free Essays

John Wolf, president of Wolf Motors, had just returned to his office after visiting the company’s newly acquired automotive dealership. It was the fourth Wolf Motors’ dealership in a network that served a metropolitan area of 400,000 people. Beyond the metropolitan area, but within a 45-minute drive, were another 500,000 people. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolf Motors Success Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of the dealerships in the network marketed a different make of automobile and historically had operated autonomously. Wolf was particularly excited about this new dealership because it was the first â€Å"auto supermarket† in the network. Auto supermarkets differ from traditional auto dealerships in that they sold multiple makes of automobiles at the same location. The new dealership sold a full line of Chevrolets, Nissans, and Volkswagens. Starting 15 years ago with the purchase of a bankrupt Dodge dealership, Wolf Motors had grown steadily in size and in reputation. Wolf attributed this success to three highly interdependent factors. The first was volume. By maintaining a high volume of sales and turning over inventory rapidly, economies of scale could be achieved, which reduced costs and provided customers with a large selection. The second factor was a marketing approach called the â€Å"hassle-free buying experience. † Listed on each automobile was the â€Å"one price–lowest price. † Customers came in, browsed, and compared prices without being approached by pushy salespeople. If they had questions or were ready to buy, a walk to a customer service desk produced a knowledgeable salesperson to assist them. Finally, and Wolf thought perhaps most important, was the after-sale service. Wolf Motors had established a solid reputation for servicing, diagnosing, and repairing vehicles correctly and in a timely manner—the first time. High-quality service after the sale depended on three essential components. First was the presence of a highly qualified, well-trained staff of service technicians. Second was the use of the latest tools and technologies to support diagnosis and repair activities. And third was the availability of the full range of parts and materials necessary to complete the service and repairs without delay. Wolf invested in training and equipment to ensure that the trained personnel and technology were provided. What he worried about, as Wolf Motors grew, was the continued availability of the right parts and materials. This concern caused him to focus on the purchasing process and management of the service parts and materials flows in the supply chain. Wolf thought back on the stories in the newspaper’s business pages describing the failure of companies that had not planned appropriately for growth. These companies outgrew their existing policies, procedures, and control systems. Lacking a plan to update their systems, the companies experienced myriad problems that led to inefficiencies and an inability to compete effectively. He did not want that to happen to Wolf Motors. Each of the four dealerships purchased its own service parts and materials. Purchases were based on forecasts derived from historical demand data, which accounted for factors such as seasonality. Batteries and alternators had a high failure rate in the winter, and air-conditioner parts were in great demand during the summer. Similarly, coolant was needed in the spring to service air conditioners for the summer months, whereas antifreeze was needed in the fall to winterize automobiles. Forecasts also were adjusted for special vehicle sales and service promotions, which increased the need for materials used to prep new cars and service other cars. One thing that made the purchase of service parts and materials so difficult was the tremendous number of different parts that had to be kept on hand. Some of these parts would be used to service customer automobiles, and others would be sold over the counter. Some had to be purchased from the automobile manufacturers or their certified wholesalers, and to support, for example, the â€Å"guaranteed GM parts† promotion. Still other parts and materials such as oils, lubricants, and fan belts could be purchased from any number of suppliers. The purchasing department had to remember that the success of the dealership depended on (1) lowering costs to support the hassle-free, one price–lowest price concept and (2) providing the right parts at the right time to support fast, reliable after-sale service. As Wolf thought about the purchasing of parts and materials, two things kept going through his mind: the amount of space available for parts storage and the level of financial resources available to invest in parts and materials. The acquisition of the auto supermarket dealership put an increased strain on both finances and space, with the need to support three different automobile lines at the same facility. Investment dollars were becoming scarce, and space was at a premium. Wolf wondered what could be done in the purchasing area to address some of these concerns and alleviate some of the pressures. How can supply-chain management concepts help John Wolf reduce investment and space requirements while maintaining adequate service levels? How to cite Wolf Motors Success Story, Essay examples

Pre Socratic Philosopher free essay sample

As I read about the philosopher in this era I found Anaxagoras to be the most compelling Pre-Socratic philosopher that we read about. He was a teacher of metaphysics who lived during the era of (c. 500 – c. 428 B. C. E. ), (Moore amp; Bruder, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre Socratic Philosopher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 29). I found his distinctions between matter and mind to be intriguing. Many of his ideas about change and particles still hold true to this day. Anaxagoras believed that every different type of mass consists of a make-up of its own particles and particles from all others (Moore amp; Bruder, 2008, p. 29). Even though the particles that he spoke of could not be considered â€Å"atoms†, his ideas are still closely related to modern-day science. Considering the era he lived in, the concepts that he communicated were definitely far advanced considering the time he lived in. Although both Aristotle and Plato disapproved of Anaxagoras perceptions of the differences between mind and matter, Anaxagoras may have separated himself from both brilliant philosophers with his belief in the pure and infinite power of mind (Moore amp; Bruder, 2008, p. 30). As I read Anaxagoras’ theories, I found myself amazed at the fact that he seemed to have come across a scientific idea without all our modern day technology and without the use of any scientific tools. How does one come up with such a concept? How does one think of the make-up of mind and matter? The philosophy and ideas of such philosophers like Anaxagoras are the foundation of modern science. Much of the knowledge we have today came from a single question or idea that someone else may have thought were the nothing more than the absurd ranting is of a mad man. The primary motivation of philosophers in the Pre-Socratic era was to bring knowledge and reason to the world, despite the repercussions it brought to their personal lives. Reference Moore, B. N. , amp; Bruder, K. (2008). The Power of Ideas (7th Ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.